Harran, also known as Carrhae, is an archeological site in present day southeastern Turkey, 24 miles (39 kilometers) southeast of Sanli Urfa. In its prime, it controlled the point where the road from Damascus joins the highway between Nineveh and Carchemish. This location gave Harran strategic value from an early date. It is frequently mentioned in Assyrian inscriptions as early as the time of Tiglath-Pileser I, about 1100 BC, under the name Harranu, or "Road"( Akkadian harrānu, road, path, journey ). After the Shupiluliuma-Shattiwazza treaty, Harran was burned by a Hittite army under Piyashshili ...

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Canaan or Knáʕan (Arabic کنعان, Hebrew כְּנַעַן, Septuagint Greek Χανααν) is an ancient term for a region roughly corresponding to present-day Israel/Palestine including the West Bank, western Jordan, southern and coastal Syria and Lebanon continuing up until the border of modern Turkey. Various Canaanite sites have been excavated by archaeologists, most notably the Canaanite town of Ugarit, which was rediscovere ...

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Canaan - Etymology Canaan - Phoenician Canaan Canaan - Canaan in Mesopotamian inscriptions Canaan - Egyptian Canaan Canaan - Biblical Canaanites

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The distinguishing features of ancient Greek society were the division between free and slave, the differing roles of men and women, the relative lack of status distinctions based on birth, and the importance of religion. The way of life of the Athenians was more common in the Greek world than Sparta's special system. Ancient Greece - Social Structure. Only free people could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state. In most city-states, unlike Rome, social promenece did not al ...

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Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education

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The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. The Bronze Age is part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies and follows the Neolithic in some areas of the World. In most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Neolithic is directly fol ...

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Bronze Age - Asian Bronze Age Bronze Age - Aegean Bronze Age Bronze Age - British Bronze Age Bronze Age - Central European Bronze Age Bronze Age - Nordic Bronze Age 1500-500 BC Bronze Age - External link

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The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, abruptly following the Bronze Age Terramare culture and giving way in the 7th century to an increasingly Orientalizing culture influenced by Greek traders, which was followed without a severe break by the Etruscan civilization. Villanovan cultural origins, but perhaps not all its peoples, lay in the Eastern Alps, with connections to the Halstatt culture. The Villanovans introduced iron-working to the Italian peninsula; they practiced cremation and buried the ashes of the ...

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Villanovan culture - Sources and further reading

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War elephants were important, although not widespread, weapons in ancient military history. Their main use was in charges, to trample the enemy and/or break their ranks. War elephants were exclusively male animals, because they were faster, more aggressive, and the females had a tendency to run away from other females. War elephant - History. Elephant taming began in the Indus valley around 4,000 years ago. Taming is not used here as a synonym of domestication. Domesticated animals, such as cows or dogs, ar ...

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War elephant - History War elephant - Tactical use War elephant - Battles War elephant - War elephants in popular culture War elephant - External link

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Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. Carbon acts as a hardening agent, preventing iron atoms, which are naturally arranged in a lattice, from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of carbon and its distribution in the alloy controls qualities such as the hardness, elasticity, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle. One classical definition is t ...

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Steel - Iron and steel Steel - History of iron and steelmaking
Steel - The Iron Age Steel - Developments in China Steel - India Steel - Middle East Steel - Ironworking in medieval Europe Steel - Ironworking in early modern Europe Steel - Industrial steelmaking
Steel - Types of steel Steel - Production methods

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Brutus of Troy or Brutus I of the Britons (Welsh: Bryttys) was the legendary first king of the Britons and a great grandson of Aeneas, according to the Historia Regum Britanniae written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century. He is speculated to have lived approximatedly 1100 BC and reigned for 23 years in Britain. Brutus of Troy - Monmouth's Legend. Brutus was exiled from Italy for the accidental killing of his biological father Silvius. In exile, he liberated a group of T ...

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Brutus of Troy - Monmouth's Legend Brutus of Troy - Speculation and Facts Brutus of Troy - Brutus Now

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Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. It refers not only to the geographical peninsula of modern Greece, but also to areas of Hellenic culture that were settled in ancient times by Greeks: Cyprus, the Aegean coast of Turkey (then known as Ionia), Sicily and southern Italy (known as Magna Graecia), and the scattered Greek settlements on the coasts of what are now Albania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Libya, southern France, sout ...

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Ancient Greece - Origins Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander Ancient Greece - Society
Ancient Greece - Social Structure Ancient Greece - Way of Life Ancient Greece - Education

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Bronze is the ancient name for a broad range of alloys of copper, but usually with tin as the main additive. First used in the Bronze Age, it made tools, weapons and armor harder or more durable than their stone and copper predecessors. In early use, the impurity arsenic made the alloy even harder. The earliest bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa (Iran) and some ancient sit ...

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Beta Ursae Minoris (β UMi / β Ursae Minoris) is the second brightest star in the bowl of the "Little Dipper," the constellation Ursa Minor. It also has the traditional name Kochab. Kochab was the naked-eye star that served as the Earth's North pole star from 1900 BC to 1100 BC, although it was never as close to the pole as Polaris is now. Due to precession of the equinoxes, the previous holder of the ti ...

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Beta Ursae Minoris - External link

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A road is a strip of land, smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, connecting two or more destinations. Some roads are streets, chiefly in urban areas. In the context of railways (railroads in American English), a road is a single track, which may be part of a multi-track system or may be an isolated line. In the context of sea transport, a road is an anchorage. Road - Usage and etymology. In original usage, a "road" was simply any pathway fit for ridi ...

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Road - Usage and etymology Road - History Road - Funding Road - Driving on the right or the left Road - Design Road - Construction Road - Maintenance Road - Terminology

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Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, the earliest sacred texts of India. The earliest of the Vedas, the Rigveda, was composed in the 2nd millennium BC, and use of the Vedic dialect was continued for the composition of religious texts until roughly 500 BC, when the later Classical Sanskrit language began to emerge. The Vedic form of Sanskrit is an early descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian (spoken around 2000 BC), and still comparatively similar (being removed by maybe 1500 years) to the Proto-Indo-European language. Vedic S ...

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Vedic Sanskrit - History Vedic Sanskrit - Phonology Vedic Sanskrit - Grammar

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Diaokhi emerged as an union of proto-Georgian tribes to counter Assyrian attacks to the north at the end of the second millennium BC. An anti-Assyrian confederation led by Diaokhi included the lands of Hushane, Didine, Biane, Ultuza, Sheriaze, Ashqalashi, Haldiriulhe and Baltulhe. The country was ruled by a king who had the city of Zua as a capital. Pute and Utuha were other major cities. In 1112 BC, Diaokhi led a powerful coalition of the peoples of the Southwestern Caucasus and Upper Mesopotamia against Assyria. However, the ...

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Diaokhi, Diaokhi - History, Diaokhi - Rulers

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The Aegean bronze age established a far-ranging trade network. The network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze. Bronze objects were then exported far and wide, and supported the trade. Isotopic analysis of the tin in some Mediterranean bronze objects indicates it came from as far away as Great Britain. Navigation was well developed at this time, and reached a peak of skill not exceeded until a method was discovered to determine longitude around 1750. The Minoan civilization appears to hav ...

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Bronze Age, Bronze Age - Asian Bronze Age, Bronze Age - Aegean Bronze Age, Bronze Age - British Bronze Age, Bronze Age - Central European Bronze Age, Bronze Age - Nordic Bronze Age 1500-500 BC, Bronze Age - External link

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Brutus was exiled from Italy for the accidental killing of his biological father Silvius. In exile, he liberated a group of Trojans living in slavery in Greece. He apparently received a vision during this wandering, foretelling of a kingdom inhabited by giants that Brutus would conquer. He led his people westward and, after numerous battles in the region of the Gallic city of Tours, he settled on the island of Albion. With the aid of Corineus, the Trojans slew the giants living in that island and Brutus renamed the land Britain, found ...

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Brutus of Troy, Brutus of Troy - Monmouth's Legend, Brutus of Troy - Speculation and Facts, Brutus of Troy - Brutus Now

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First known settlers between 1100 BC and 800 BC were Illyrians mining copper in the hills near Kitzbühel. Around 15 BC the Roman Emperor Augustus occupied the Alps and proclaimed the province Noricum. After the fall of the western Roman Empire, Bavarii settled in the Kitzbühel region around 800 and started clearing forests. In the 12th century the name Chizbuhel is mentioned for the first time in a document of the Chiemsee monastery. Chizzo relates to a Bavarii clan, Bühel describes the l ...

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Kitzbühel, Kitzbühel - History, Kitzbühel - People, Kitzbühel - Tourism, Kitzbühel - Twin towns

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Prehistory of Cyprus - Early Bronze Age. The new era was introduced by people from Anatolia who came to Cyprus because of disturbances in Asia Minor. It is only natural that we observe the first vivid vestiges of this civilisation around 2300 BC in the northern part of the island, from where it spread south and west. As the newcomers knew how to work with copper they soon moved to the so-called copperbelt of the island, that is the foothills of the Troodos mountains. This movement reflects the increased interest in the raw material that was going to be so closely conn ...

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Prehistory of Cyprus, Prehistory of Cyprus - Epipalaeolithic, Prehistory of Cyprus - Neolithic, Prehistory of Cyprus - Aceramic Neolithic, Prehistory of Cyprus - Ceramic Neolithic, Prehistory of Cyprus - Chalcolithic, Prehistory of Cyprus - Bronze Age, Prehistory of Cyprus - Early Bronze Age, Prehistory of Cyprus - Middle Bronze Age, Prehistory of Cyprus - Late Bronze Age, Prehistory of Cyprus - Iron Age, Prehistory of Cyprus - Literature, Prehistory of Cyprus - Reference

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"Hittite" is a modern name, chosen after the (still disputed) identification of the Hattusa kingdom with the Hittites mentioned in the Old Testament. In multi-lingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in the Hittite language are preceded by the adverb nesili (or nasili), "(speech) of Nesa", the second capital of the Empire. In one case, the label is Kanisumnili, "that which is spoken in Kanes", an alternative name for the same city. Although the Hittite empire was composed of people from many dive ...

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Hittite language, Hittite language - Name, Hittite language - Decipherment, Hittite language - Classification and relatives, Hittite language - Features of the language, Hittite language - Genders and cases, Hittite language - Laryngeals

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