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Welsh poetry may refer to poetry in the Welsh language, Anglo-Welsh poetry, or other poetry written in Wales or by Welsh poets. Welsh poetry - History. Main Article: Medieval Welsh literature Wales has one of the earliest literary taditions in Northern Europe, stretching back to the days of Aneurin and Taliesin (6th century), and the haunting Neuadd Cynddylan, which is the oldest recorded literary work by a woman in northern Europe. In Welsh literature the period before 1 ...

Including:

• Welsh poetry - History
• Welsh poetry - Forms

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Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, with approximately half being stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Conjoined twins - Conjoined Twins in History. The term Siamese Twins comes from what are probably the most famous pair, Chang and E ...

Including:

• Conjoined twins - Conjoined Twins in History
• Conjoined twins - Types of Conjoined Twins
• Conjoined twins - Separating conjoined twins
• Conjoined twins - Cultural references
• Conjoined twins - Recommended Reading

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The Coptic language is the last phase of the Egyptian languages, and is the direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic scripts. The Coptic alphabet is written in a slightly modified form of the Greek alphabet, with some letters (which vary from dialect to dialect) deriving directly from demotic. As a living language of daily conversation, Coptic flourished from circa AD 200 to 1100. It survives today as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Including:

• Coptic language - Classification
• Coptic language - Geographic distribution
• Coptic language - Official status
• Coptic language - Dialects
• Coptic language - Vocabulary
• Coptic language - Writing system
• Coptic language - History
• Coptic language - Coptic during the early Arabic period 7th to 10th centuries
• Coptic language - Coptic versus Arabic 11th to 14th centuries
• Coptic language - Decline as a spoken language up to the 17th century
• Coptic language - Revival in the 19th century
• Coptic language - Coptic in the 20th century

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The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity (see Edessa). The County of Edessa was different from the other Crusader states in that it was landlocked; it was remote from the other states and was not on particularly good terms with its closest neighbor, the Principality of Antioch; and half of the county, including its capital, was located to the east of the Euphrates and hence far to the east of the others. The part west of ...

Including:

• County of Edessa - Foundation
• County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours
• County of Edessa - Fall of the county
• County of Edessa - Population and demographics
• County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa
• County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel
• County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

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Danish (dansk) belongs to the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages), a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 5.5 million people mainly in Denmark including some 50,000 people in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, where it holds the status of minority language. Danish also holds official status and is a mandatory subject in school in the former Danish colonies of Greenland and the Faroe Islands, that now enjoy limited autonomy. In Iceland ...

Including:

• Danish language - Classification and related languages
• Danish language - History
• Danish language - Geographical distribution
• Danish language - Dialects
• Danish language - Sound system
• Danish language - Vowels
• Danish language - Consonants
• Danish language - Grammar
• Danish language - Vocabulary
• Danish language - Numerals
• Danish language - Writing system

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The Crusade of 1101 was a minor crusade, actually three separate movements, organized in 1100 and 1101 in the successful aftermath of the First Crusade. It is also called the Crusade of the Faint-Hearted due to the number of participants who joined this crusade after having turned back from the First Crusade. The successful First Crusade prompted a call for reinforcements from the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, and Pope Paschal II, successor to Pope Urban II (who died before learning of the outcome of the crusad ...

Including:

• Crusade of 1101 - The Lombards
• Crusade of 1101 - Battle of Mersivan
• Crusade of 1101 - The Nivernois
• Crusade of 1101 - The French and Bavarians
• Crusade of 1101 - Aftermath
• Crusade of 1101 - Sources

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Uxmal is a large Pre-Columbian ruined city of the Maya civilization in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. It is 78 km south of Mérida, Yucatán, or 110 km from that city on Highway 261 towards Campeche, Campeche), 15 km south-southeast of the town of Muna. Uxmal is pronounced "Oosh-mahl". The place name is Pre-Columbian and it is usually assumed to be an archaic Maya language phrase meaning "Built Three Times", although some scholars of the Maya language dispute this derivation. Uxmal - Ancient history.

Including:

• Uxmal - Ancient history
• Uxmal - Description of the site
• Uxmal - Modern history of the ruins

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William II (called "Rufus", perhaps because of his red-faced appearance) (c. 1056 – 2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers also over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending his control in Wales. Although William was an effective soldier, he was a ruthless ruler and was little liked by those he governed; according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was "hated by almost all his people." However, it is not s ...

Including:

• William II of England - Early years
• William II of England - Appearance
• William II of England - England and France
• William II of England - Power struggles
• William II of England - The Court of William II
• William II of England - The unusual death of William II
• William II of England - The Rufus Stone
• William II of England - Fictional treatments

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William of Normandy (French: Guillaume de Normandie; 1028?–September 9, 1087) ruled as the Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087 (as William II) and as King of England from 1066 to 1087 (as William I). The sole son of Robert the Magnificent and Herleva, William was born illegitimate in Falaise, Normandy, part of France. William invaded England, won a victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and suppressing subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest. No authentic portrait of William has been found. He was described as a big burly man, strong in every ...

Including:

• William I of England - Early life history
• William I of England - Conquest of England
• William I of England - William's reign
• William I of England - Death burial and succession
• William I of England - Children of William and Matilda
• William I of England - Honours

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Saint Cadoc of Llancarvan, Abbot, ( died at Benevenna ) was one of the 6th-century Welsh saints whose life touched King Arthur. The Abbey of Llancarvan, near Cowbridge, Glamorganshire, which he founded ca 518, became famous as a center of learning. Cadoc was a student of the Irish saint, Tathai, at Gwent, Monmouthshire, who became a hermit. Cadoc then proselytized over a large area of Wales and Brittany. He was a son of Saint Gwynllyw (Latinized Gundleus, a prince in South Wales, a robber chieftain who led a band of 300; ...

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Saint Bruno (Cologne, c. 1030 – October 6, 1101), the founder of the Carthusian Order, personally founded the order's first two communities. He was a celebrated teacher at Reims, France, and a close advisor of his former pupil, Pope Urban II. Bruno of Cologne - Remembered for his eloquence. His funeral elegies celebrate his eloquence, his poetic, philosophical, and theological talents; and his merit as a teacher is reflected in the merits of his pupils, amongst whom were Eudes of Châtillon, afterwards Po ...

Including:

• Bruno of Cologne - Remembered for his eloquence
• Bruno of Cologne - Educated in Reims and served in Cologne
• Bruno of Cologne - Chancellor to the diocese of Reims
• Bruno of Cologne - Refused to become a Bishop
• Bruno of Cologne - Bruno's legacy
• Bruno of Cologne - Centuries passed before he was canonized
• Bruno of Cologne - Linked to the legend of the doctor of Paris

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The culture of India is one of the oldest cultures in the world. In modern India, there is remarkable cultural diversity throughout the country. The South, North, and Northeast have their own distinct cultures and almost every state has carved out its own cultural niche. In spite of the diversity, it's bound by a common a thread as one civilization perhaps because of its common history and transfer of age old knowledge in the geographies. Indian culture and religions had great impacts on South East Asia and this is evident in the lega ...

Including:

• Culture of India - Cultural policy
• Culture of India - History
• Culture of India - Drama and theatre
• Culture of India - Literature
• Culture of India - Dance
• Culture of India - Music
• Culture of India - Art
• Culture of India - Painting
• Culture of India - Movies
• Culture of India - Recreation and sports
• Culture of India - Cuisine
• Culture of India - Different communities
• Culture of India - Political culture

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Charlemagne (c.742 or 747–28 January 814) (also Charles the Great; from Latin, Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus) was the king of the Franks from 768 to 814 and king of the Lombards from 774 to 781. He was crowned Imperator Augustus in Rome on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III and is therefore regarded as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, a reincarnation of the ancient Western Roman Empire. Through military conquest and defence, he solidified and expanded his realm to cover most of Western Euro ...

Including:

• Charlemagne - Background
• Charlemagne - Date and place of birth
• Charlemagne - Life
• Charlemagne - Early life
• Charlemagne - Joint rule
• Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy
• Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns
• Charlemagne - Spanish campaign
• Charlemagne - Imperator
• Charlemagne - Administration
• Charlemagne - Death
• Charlemagne - Cultural significance
• Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance
• Charlemagne - Family
• Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs
• Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards
• Charlemagne - Sources

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Winchester Cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire is one of the largest cathedrals in England. The earliest part of the present cathedral building is the crypt, which dates from the early 12th century. The squat, square central tower was begun in 1202, and has an indisputably Norman look to it. Work continued on the cathedral during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, and restoration work was carried out by T.G. Jackson during the years 1905–1912. The cathedral is ...

Including:

• Winchester Cathedral - Events
• Winchester Cathedral - Trivia

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In ancient geography, Cilicia ("Ki-LIK-ya") formed a district on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), north of Cyprus. Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus (Giaour Dagh), which separated it from Syria. North of Cilicia lie the rugged Taurus Mountains that separate it from the high central plateau of Anatolia, which are pierced by a narrow gorge, called since Antiquity the Cilician Gates. Ancient Cilicia was naturally divided into Cilicia Trachea and Cilicia Pedias ...

Including:

• Cilicia - The Persian Royal Road
• Cilicia - Early history
• Cilicia - Hellenism and Roman Cilicia
• Cilicia - Armenian kingdom
• Cilicia - Ottoman and modern Turkish Cilicia

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British literature is literature from the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The largest part of this literature is written in the English language, but there are also separate literatures in the Welsh language, Scottish Gaelic, Scots and other languages. Northern Ireland is the only part of Ireland still part of the United Kingdom and it possesses literature in English, Ulster Scots and Irish. Irish writers have also played an important part in the development of English-language literature. Britis ...

Including:

• British literature - Old Celtic literature
• British literature - Old English literature
• British literature - Late medieval literature in England
• British literature - Other medieval literatures
• British literature - Early modern English literature to 1660
• British literature - English language literature from 1660 to the late 18th century
• British literature - Non English language literatures from the 16th century to the 19th century
• British literature - 19th century English language literature
• British literature - The Romantics
• British literature - The 19th century novel
• British literature - Victorian poets
• British literature - Ireland
• British literature - Wales
• British literature - Scotland
• British literature - English language literature since 1900
• British literature - Non English language literatures since 1900
• British literature - Literary prizes

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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. 11th century - Overview. 11th century - Events. 1000, foundation of the Christian Kingdom of Hungary 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027. Circa ...

Including:

• 11th century - Overview
• 11th century - Events
• 11th century - Significant people
• 11th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 11th century - Decades and years

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1134 - Events. House of Brandenburg begins when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark St. Stephen Harding becomes abbott of Citeaux Abbey Cormac's Chapel consecrated Cathedral of St Petri in Schleswig completed Pontifical University of Salamanca started in Castile Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, revolts against Fulk, King of Jerusalem. 1134 - Births. King Sancho III of Castile (died 1158) Ki ...

Including:

• 1134 - Events
• 1134 - Births
• 1134 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1134: Encyclopedia - 1134

The Karmapa is the head of the Karma Kagyu (Bka' rgyud), the largest of the lineages that make up the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 1st Karmapa, Düsum Khyenpa (Dus gsum Mkhyen pa) (1110-1193), was a disciple of the Tibetan master Gampopa. A gifted child who studied dharma (Buddhist teachings) with his father from an early age and who sought out great teachers in his twenties and thirties, he is said to have attained enlightenment at the age of fifty while practicing dream yoga. He was hen ...

Including:

• Karmapa - The Black Crown
• Karmapa - List of previous Karmapas
• Karmapa - Controversy over the current Karmapa

Read more here: » Karmapa: Encyclopedia - Karmapa

Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܐܶ; in Syriac, Mâruniyya مارونية in Arabic) are members of an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope of Rome. Their heritage reaches back to St. Maron in the early 5th century. The first Maronite patriarch, St. John Maron, was appointed in the late 7th century. Today they are one of the main religious groups in Lebanon. They are Arabic-speaking Christians with their ethnicity, like most Lebanese, being a mix of Phoenician, Aramaean, and Greek, with some European ro ...

Including:

• Maronite - History
• Maronite - Organisation
• Maronite - Population
• Maronite - Books

Read more here: » Maronite: Encyclopedia - Maronite

Scholasticism comes from the Latin word scholasticus which means "that [which] belongs to the school", and is the school of philosophy taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities circa 1100 - 1500. Scholasticism attempted to reconcile the philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. The primary purpose of scholasticism was to find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction. It is most well known in its application in medieval theology but was appli ...

Including:

• Scholasticism - Scholastic method
• Scholasticism - Scholastic genres
• Scholasticism - Scholastic school
• Scholasticism - History
• Scholasticism - Famous Scholastics
• Scholasticism - Key Anti-Scholastics
• Scholasticism - Contemporary Scholasticism

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