110

The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In his accounts Parthia is named "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilization, which he equates to those of Dayuan (in Ferghana) and Daxia (in Bactria). "Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi (in Transoxonia). Th ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Contact with China

After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed. An interesting detail is coinage: legends were written in the Greek alphabet, a practice that continued until the 2nd century CE, when local knowledge of the language was in decline and few people ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Government

Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran in what is today known as Turkmenistan, where his descendants of the same name ruled until Antiochus III the Great briefly made them submit to Seleucid authority again in 206 BCE. It was not until the 2nd century BCE that the Parthians were able to profit from the continuing erosion of the Seleucid Empire, gradually capturing all its territories east of Syria. Once the Parthians had gained Herat, the ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire

Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians and the Yuezhi. The Parthians gained control of parts of Bactria and extensive territories in northern India, after defeating local rulers such as the Kushan Empire ruler Kujula Kadphises, in the Gandhara region. Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established t ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Expansion to India

The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king Vologases III dethroned the Armenian ruler, and the Roman emperor Trajan decided to invade Parthia in retaliation. War broke out in 114 CE and the Parthians were severely beaten. The Romans conquered Armenia, and in the following year, Trajan marched to the south, where the Parthians were forced to evacuate their strongholds. In 116 CE, Trajan captured Ctesiphon, and ...

See also:

Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Origins, Parthian Empire - The Parthian Empire, Parthian Empire - Government, Parthian Empire - Contact with China, Parthian Empire - Conflicts with Rome, Parthian Empire - Expansion to India, Parthian Empire - Decline and fall, Parthian Empire - Parthian rulers, Parthian Empire - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthian Empire: Encyclopedia II - Parthian Empire - Decline and fall

The Essenes are discussed in detail by Josephus and Philo. Many scholars believe that the community at Qumran that allegedly produced the Dead Sea Scrolls was an offshoot of the Essenes; however, this theory has been disputed by Norman Golb and other scholars. Some suggest that Jesus was an Essene, and that Christianity evolved from this sect of Judaism, with which it shared many ideas and symbols. According to Martin A. Larson, the now misunderstood Essenes were Jewish Pythagoreans who lived as monks. As vegetarians, celibates, and s ...

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Essenes, Essenes - History, Essenes - Beliefs, Essenes - Rules and Customs, Essenes - Dissolution, Essenes - Parallels and Influences, Essenes - Modern Essenes

Read more here: » Essenes: Encyclopedia II - Essenes - Parallels and Influences

Capitalization is no sure guide to denominational affiliation. It may indicate formal affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church or it may not. Capitalization may merely indicate a wish to stress the holy and solemn nature of the spiritual body of believers and a desire for all Christians to be one. It would be anachronistic to attribute significance to capitalization or lack of capitalization in printings of texts dating from before the last few centuries or in translations of those texts, since the originals were written in unmixed ...

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Catholic, Catholic - Present-day usage, Catholic - Catholic Epistles, Catholic - Capitalization, Catholic - Avoidance of usage

Read more here: » Catholic: Encyclopedia II - Catholic - Capitalization

The Messier object M100, a magnitude 10.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices. The New General Catalogue object NGC 100, a magnitude 13.3 spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. ...

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100 number, 100 number - In mathematics, 100 number - In astronomy, 100 number - In other fields

Read more here: » 100 number: Encyclopedia II - 100 number - In astronomy

Eucharist - The Agape feast. The Agape feast was the Eucharistic celebration of the early Christians. While centered on the ritual of the bread and wine, it also included various other ritual elements, including elements of the Passover seder and of Mediterranean funerary banquets, also termed Agape Feasts. Agape is one of the Greek words for love, particularly applied to selfless love. Such meals were widespread, tho ...

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Eucharist, Eucharist - Names for the Eucharist, Eucharist - Eucharist in the Bible, Eucharist - Christian Theology, Eucharist - Roman Catholic: Sacrifice; Transubstantiation, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity: Sacrifice and Objective Reality but Pious Silence on the Particulars, Eucharist - Anglicans/Episcopalians: Real Presence with Opinion, Eucharist - Lutherans - the Sacramental Union: in with and under, Eucharist - Methodism: presence as mystery, Eucharist - Calvinist Reformed: spiritual feeding pneumatic presence, Eucharist - Reformed/Congregational: no Real Presence, Eucharist - Summary of views, Eucharist - Ritual and liturgy, Eucharist - The Agape feast, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity, Eucharist - Roman Catholicism, Eucharist - Protestantism, Eucharist - Jehovah's Witnesses, Eucharist - Open and closed communion, Eucharist - Footnotes, Eucharist - Resources

Read more here: » Eucharist: Encyclopedia II - Eucharist - Ritual and liturgy

Christian denominations differ in their understanding of whether they may receive the Eucharist together with those not in full communion with them. Closed communion was the universal practice of the early Church. The famed apologist St. Justin Martyr, ca. A.D. 150, wrote: "No one else is permitted to partake of it, except one who believes our teaching to be true...." For the first several hundred years of Church history, non-members were forbidden even to be present at the sacramental ritual; visitors and catechumens (those still undergoing ...

See also:

Eucharist, Eucharist - Names for the Eucharist, Eucharist - Eucharist in the Bible, Eucharist - Christian Theology, Eucharist - Roman Catholic: Sacrifice; Transubstantiation, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity: Sacrifice and Objective Reality but Pious Silence on the Particulars, Eucharist - Anglicans/Episcopalians: Real Presence with Opinion, Eucharist - Lutherans - the Sacramental Union: in with and under, Eucharist - Methodism: presence as mystery, Eucharist - Calvinist Reformed: spiritual feeding pneumatic presence, Eucharist - Reformed/Congregational: no Real Presence, Eucharist - Summary of views, Eucharist - Ritual and liturgy, Eucharist - The Agape feast, Eucharist - Eastern Christianity, Eucharist - Roman Catholicism, Eucharist - Protestantism, Eucharist - Jehovah's Witnesses, Eucharist - Open and closed communion, Eucharist - Footnotes, Eucharist - Resources

Read more here: » Eucharist: Encyclopedia II - Eucharist - Open and closed communion

The Chinese explorer Zhang Qian, who visited the neighbouring countries of Bactria and Sogdiana in 126 BCE, made the first known Chinese report on Parthia. In his accounts Parthia is named "Ānxī" (Chinese: 安息), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty. Zhang Qian clearly identifies Parthia as an advanced urban civilization, which he equates to those of Dayuan (in Ferghana) and Daxia (in Bactria). "Anxi is situated several thousand li west of the region of the Great Yuezhi (in Transoxonia). Th ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Contact with China

After the conquest of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire. The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last. As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed. An interesting detail is coinage: legends were written in the Greek alphabet, a practice that continued until the 2nd century CE, when local knowledge of the language was in decline and few people knew ho ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Government

Initially, ca. 250 BCE, a king named Arsaces established his dynasty's independence from Seleucid rule in remote areas of northern Iran in what is today known as Turkmenistan, where his descendants of the same name ruled until Antiochus III the Great briefly made them submit to Seleucid authority again in 206 BCE. It was not until the 2nd century BCE that the Parthians were able to profit from the continuing erosion of the Seleucid Empire, gradually capturing all its territories east of Syria. Once the Parthians had gained Herat, the ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - The Parthian Empire

100 Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius VI 99 Aulus Postumius Albinus, Marcus Antonius Orator 98 Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos, Titus Didius 97 Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus, Publius Licinius Crassus Dives 96 Gaius Cassius Longinus, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 95 Lucius Licinius Crassus, Quintus Mucius Scaevola 94 Gaius Coelius Caldus, Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 93 Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Marcus Herennius 92 Gaius Claudius Pulcher, Marcus Perp ...

See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Sûrên clan. This was the beginning of a series of wars that were to last for almost three centuries. The Parthian armies included two types of cavalry: the heavily-armed and armoured cataphracts and light brigades of mounted archers. For the Romans, who relied on heavy infantry, the Parthians were hard to defeat, as the cavalry was much faste ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Conflicts with Rome

Main article:Indo-Parthian Kingdom Also during the 1st century BCE, the Parthians started to make inroads into eastern territories that had been occupied by the Indo-Scythians and the Yuezhi. The Parthians gained control of parts of Bactria and extensive territories in northern India, after defeating local rulers such as the Kushan Empire ruler Kujula Kadphises, in the Gandhara region. Around 20 CE, Gondophares, one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the Indo- ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Expansion to India

Film manufacturers commonly make film that is branded by other companies. Modern films have bar codes on the edge of the film which can be read by a bar code reader. This is because film is sometimes processed differently according to specifications of the film, determined by its manufacturer; the bar code is entered into the computer printer before the film is printed. To establish the OEM, read the bar code printed on the cassette. Divide the long number by 16 and record the number before the decimal, then multiply the number after ...

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Photographic film, Photographic film - Film basics, Photographic film - History of film, Photographic film - Special films, Photographic film - Common sizes of film, Photographic film - Companies that manufacture photographic film

Read more here: » Photographic film: Encyclopedia II - Photographic film - Companies that manufacture photographic film

Instant photography, as popularised by Polaroid, uses a special type of camera and film that automates and integrates development, without the need of further equipment or chemicals. This process is carried out immediately after exposure, as opposed to regular film, which is developed afterwards and requires additional chemicals. See instant film. Specialty films exist for recording non-visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. These films are usually designed to record either ultraviolet or infrared light. These films can req ...

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Photographic film, Photographic film - Film basics, Photographic film - History of film, Photographic film - Special films, Photographic film - Common sizes of film, Photographic film - Companies that manufacture photographic film

Read more here: » Photographic film: Encyclopedia II - Photographic film - Special films

Pioneering work on the light sensivity of films was done by Hurter & Driffield from 1876 onwards; this work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised. The first flexible photographic film was made by Eastman Kodak in 1885. This "film" was coated on paper. The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. Before this, glass photographic plates were used, which were far more expensive and cumbersome, albeit also of better quality. Early photography i ...

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Photographic film, Photographic film - Film basics, Photographic film - History of film, Photographic film - Special films, Photographic film - Common sizes of film, Photographic film - Companies that manufacture photographic film

Read more here: » Photographic film: Encyclopedia II - Photographic film - History of film

The Armenian compromise served its purpose, but nothing in it covered the deposition of an Armenian king. After 110 CE, the Parthian king Vologases III dethroned the Armenian ruler, and the Roman emperor Trajan decided to invade Parthia in retaliation. War broke out in 114 CE and the Parthians were severely beaten. The Romans conquered Armenia, and in the following year, Trajan marched to the south, where the Parthians were forced to evacuate their strongholds. In 116 CE, Trajan captured Ctesiphon, and establi ...

See also:

Parthia, Parthia - Origins, Parthia - The Parthian Empire, Parthia - Government, Parthia - Contact with China, Parthia - Conflicts with Rome, Parthia - Expansion to India, Parthia - Decline and fall, Parthia - Parthian rulers, Parthia - Etymololgy of Parthia

Read more here: » Parthia: Encyclopedia II - Parthia - Decline and fall

200 Publius Sulpicius Ser.f. Galba Maximus II, Gaius Aurelius C.f. Cotta 199 Lucius Cornelius L.f. Lentulus, Publius Villius Ti.f. Tappulus 198 Titus Quinctius T.f. Flamininus, Sextus Aelius Q.f. Paetus Catus 197 Gaius Cornelius L.f. Cethegus, Quintus Minucius C.f. Rufus 196 Lucius Furius Sp.f. Purpureo, Marcus Claudius M.f. Marcellus 195 Marcus Porcius M.f. Cato, Lucius Valerius P.f. Flaccus 194 Publius Cornelius P.f. Scipio Africanus II, Tiberius Semproni ...

See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC

300 Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus V, Quintus Appuleius Pansa 299 Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus, Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus, Suff.: Marcus Valerius M.f. Corvus VI 298 Lucius Cornelius Cn.f. Scipio Barbatus, Gnaeus Fulvius Cn.f. Maximus Centumalus 297 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus IV, Publius Decius P.f. Mus III 296 Appius Claudius C.f. Caecus II, Lucius Volumnius C.f. Flamma Violens II. 295 Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus V, Publius Decius P.f. Mus IV 294See also:

List of Republican Roman Consuls, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 6th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 5th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 4th century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 2nd century BC, List of Republican Roman Consuls - 1st century BC

Read more here: » List of Republican Roman Consuls: Encyclopedia II - List of Republican Roman Consuls - 3rd century BC