1099

1099 also refers to a United States tax form used for--among other things--independent contractors. The ubiquity of the form has also lead to use of the phrase '1099' to refer to contractors themselves. 1099 - Events. Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade: July 8 - 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem July 15 - Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult sie ...

Including:

• 1099 - Events
• 1099 - Births
• 1099 - Deaths

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Ashkelon or Ashqelon (Hebrew אַשְׁקְלוֹן; Standard Hebrew Ašqəlon; Tiberian Hebrew ʾAšqəlôn; Arabic عسقلان ʿAsqalān ▶ (help·info); Latin Ascalon) was an ancient Philistine seaport on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea just north of Gaza. Ashkelon is also the name of a modern city in the western Negev, in the Southern District of Israel in Israel, which was formed ...

Including:

• Ashkelon - History of the ancient city
• Ashkelon - History of the modern city

Read more here: » Ashkelon: Encyclopedia - Ashkelon

The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. It might appear that the Armenian quarter would be a part of the Christian Quarter, since virtually all Armenians residing in Jerusalem are Christians, yet for historical reasons the Armenian quarter has remained separate and has not suffered the same disruptions as the other quarters over the last thousand years. Although the smallest of the four quarters, with the fewest residents, the Armenians and their patriarchate remain staunchly independent and pres ...

Including:

• Armenian Quarter - The Armenian people and their establishment in Jerusalem: 95 BC–640 AD
• Armenian Quarter - The First Muslim Period 638–1099
• Armenian Quarter - The Crusader Periods 1099–1187 1229–1244
• Armenian Quarter - 1260–1517—The Mamluk period
• Armenian Quarter - The Ottoman Period 1517–1917
• Armenian Quarter - Struggles over the Holy sites
• Armenian Quarter - The British Mandate Period—1917–1948
• Armenian Quarter - The 1948 War and Jordanian Rule 1948–1967
• Armenian Quarter - The 1967 War and Israeli Rule—1967–present

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The Archbishopric of Cologne was one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. Cologne is the ancient Roman city of Colonia Agrippina. It became a free city in 1288 and the residence of the Archbishop was moved from Cologne Cathedral to Bonn. Its territories included a strip of territory along the Left Bank of the Rhine east of Jülich, as well as the Duchy of Westphalia on the other side of the Rhine, beyond Berg and Mark. The Archbishop was traditionally one of the Imperial Electors and the Archchancellor of Italy and Burgun ...

Including:

• Archbishopric of Cologne - Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne
• Archbishopric of Cologne - Bishops of Colonia Agrippina 88-784
• Archbishopric of Cologne - Archbishops of Cologne 784-1238
• Archbishopric of Cologne - Archbishop-Electors of Cologne 1238-1803
• Archbishopric of Cologne - Modern Archbishops of Cologne 1824-present

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Alexius I (Greek: Αλέξιος Α' Κομνηνός or Alexios I Komnenos) (1048 – August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059). His father declined the throne on the abdication of Isaac, who was accordingly succeeded by four emperors of other families between 1059 and 1081. Under one of these emperors, Romanus IV Diogenes (1067–1071), he served with distinction against the Seljuk Turks. Under Michael VII Parapinaces (1071–107 ...

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August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 141 days remaining. It is the peak of the Perseid meteor shower. It is also known as the "Glorious Twelfth" in the UK, as it marks the traditional start of the grouse shooting season. August 12 - Events. 490 BC - the Battle of Marathon, in which Athens defeated an invasion army of Persians, may have been fought on this date in the proleptic Julian calendar - but see 12 Septe ...

Including:

• August 12 - Events
• August 12 - Births
• August 12 - Deaths
• August 12 - Holidays and observations

Read more here: » August 12: Encyclopedia - August 12

August 13 is the 225th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (226th in leap years), with 140 days remaining. August 13 - Events. 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury corollation, the Maya calendar starts. 523 - John succeeds Hormisdas as Pope. 1099 - Paschal II elected Pope. 1315 - Louis X of France marries Clemence d'Anjou. 1326 - Aradia de Toscano, according to legend/folklore, is initiated into a Dianic witchcraft cult, subsequently founds th ...

Including:

• August 13 - Events
• August 13 - Births
• August 13 - Deaths
• August 13 - Holidays and observances

Read more here: » August 13: Encyclopedia - August 13

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Anastasis in Greek and Սուրբ Հարություն Surp Harutyun in Armenian) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church now within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. The ground on which the church rests is venerated by most Christians as Golgotha, the Hill of Calvary, where the New Testament describes that Jesus was crucified. It also is said to contain the place where Jesus was reportedly buried (the sepulchre). The church has been an ...

Including:

• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - History
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Modern arrangement of the church
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre - Authenticity

Read more here: » Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Encyclopedia - Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Saint Bruno (Cologne, c. 1030 – October 6, 1101), the founder of the Carthusian Order, personally founded the order's first two communities. He was a celebrated teacher at Reims, France, and a close advisor of his former pupil, Pope Urban II. Bruno of Cologne - Remembered for his eloquence. His funeral elegies celebrate his eloquence, his poetic, philosophical, and theological talents; and his merit as a teacher is reflected in the merits of his pupils, amongst whom were Eudes of Châtillon, afterwards Po ...

Including:

• Bruno of Cologne - Remembered for his eloquence
• Bruno of Cologne - Educated in Reims and served in Cologne
• Bruno of Cologne - Chancellor to the diocese of Reims
• Bruno of Cologne - Refused to become a Bishop
• Bruno of Cologne - Bruno's legacy
• Bruno of Cologne - Centuries passed before he was canonized
• Bruno of Cologne - Linked to the legend of the doctor of Paris

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Bishop Wordsworth's School is a Church of England boys' day grammar school located in the centre of Salisbury, England. In 2002 there were 789 pupils aged between 11 and 18. The full name of the school is Bishop Wordsworth's Church of England Grammar School for Boys, and is abbreviated BWS. The school's motto is Veritas in Caritate, or "Truth Through Caring", and originates from the epitaph of Bishop Wordsworth's father. Bishop Wordsworth's School - Entrance. Entry to the school is by e ...

Including:

• Bishop Wordsworth's School - Entrance
• Bishop Wordsworth's School - History
• Bishop Wordsworth's School - Houses
• Bishop Wordsworth's School - Faculty
• Bishop Wordsworth's School - Headmasters
• Bishop Wordsworth's School - Notable alumni

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The Aleppo Codex (the Keter ("Crown") Aram Tzova) is the oldest known complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible, although parts of it are currently missing and there exist scrolls of individual books of the Tanakh which are much older (see Dead Sea scrolls). Thus the Aleppo Codex is the most authoritative source document for both the biblical text and its vocalization and cantillation. It is also considered the most authoritative document in the masorah ("transmission"), the tradition by which the Hebrew Scriptures have been preserved from ...

Including:

• Aleppo Codex - History

Read more here: » Aleppo Codex: Encyclopedia - Aleppo Codex

Hebron (Arabic الخليل ▶ (help·info) al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew חֶבְרוֹן ▶ (help·info), Standard Hebrew Ḥevron, Tiberian Hebrew Ḥeḇrôn: derived from the word "friend") is a town in the southern West Bank of around 130,000 Palestinians and 500 Israeli settlers. It lies 3,050 feet (930 m) above sea level. Geog ...

Including:

• Hebron - History
• Hebron - Population at different times
• Hebron - Jewish settlement after 1967
• Hebron - Cultural historical and sporting landmarks
• Hebron - Languages and Accents
• Hebron - Sport clubs
• Hebron - Nongovernmental organizations

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This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

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King Arthur is an important figure in the mythology of Great Britain, where he appears as the ideal of kingship in both war and peace. He is the central character in the cycle of legends known as the Matter of Britain. There is disagreement about whether Arthur, or a model for him, ever actually existed. In the earliest mentions and in Welsh texts, he is never given the title "King." Early texts refer to him as a dux bellorum ("war leader"), and High Medieval Welsh texts often call him an ameraudur ("emperor"; the ...

Including:

• King Arthur - The Arthur of history
• King Arthur - Earliest traditions of Arthur
• King Arthur - The Arthurian romance
• King Arthur - Arthur's swords
• King Arthur - Arthur in various media
• King Arthur - Literature
• King Arthur - Plays
• King Arthur - Opera
• King Arthur - Film
• King Arthur - Television
• King Arthur - Other media
• King Arthur - Bibliography

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Urban II, né Otho of Lagery (or Otto or Odo) (1042 - July 29, 1099), was a pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. He is most known for starting the First Crusade and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church. He was born into nobility in France at Lagery (near Châtillon-sur-Marne) and was church-educated. He was archdeacon of Reims when, under the influence of St. Bruno his teacher, he resigned and entered the cloister at Cluny where he rose to be prior. In 1078, Gregory VII summoned ...

Including:

• Pope Urban II - Crusades
• Pope Urban II - Urban II and Sicily

Read more here: » Pope Urban II: Encyclopedia - Pope Urban II

The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Ca ...

Including:

• The Crusades - Historical background
• The Crusades - Historical context
• The Crusades - The major crusades
• The Crusades - First Crusade
• The Crusades - Second Crusade
• The Crusades - Third Crusade
• The Crusades - Fourth Crusade
• The Crusades - Albigensian Crusade
• The Crusades - Children's Crusade
• The Crusades - Fifth Crusade
• The Crusades - Sixth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusade versus the Stedingers
• The Crusades - Seventh Crusade
• The Crusades - Eighth Crusade
• The Crusades - Ninth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• The Crusades - Crusade legacy
• The Crusades - Europe
• The Crusades - Islamic world
• The Crusades - Jewish community
• The Crusades - The Caucasus
• The Crusades - Usage of the term crusade
• The Crusades - Popular reputation
• The Crusades - Eastern Orthodoxy
• The Crusades - References and further reading

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Al-Mustazhir (d. 1118) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1094 to 1118. He succeeded his father al-Muqtadi. During his twenty-four years incumbency he was politically irrelevant, despite the civil strife at home and the appearance of the First Crusade in Syria. An attempt was even made by crusader Raymond IV of Toulouse to attack Baghdad, but he was defeated near Tokat. In the year 492 AH (1099 AD), Jerusalem was captured by the crusaders and its inhabitants were massacred. Preachers travelled throughout the caliphate procl ...

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As a means of recording the passage of time, the 11th century was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100. In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. 11th century - Overview. 11th century - Events. 1000, foundation of the Christian Kingdom of Hungary 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027. Circa ...

Including:

• 11th century - Overview
• 11th century - Events
• 11th century - Significant people
• 11th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 11th century - Decades and years

Read more here: » 11th century: Encyclopedia - 11th century

The Da Vinci Code is a novel written by American author Dan Brown and published in 2003 by Doubleday Fiction (ISBN 0385504209). It is a worldwide bestseller with 36 million copies in print (as of August 2005) and has been translated into 44 languages. Combining the detective, thriller and conspiracy theory genres, the novel has helped generate popular interest in certain theories concerning the Holy Grail legend and the role of Mary Magdalene in the history of Christianity — theories that Christians typically consider heretic ...

Including:

• The Da Vinci Code - Description
• The Da Vinci Code - Characters
• The Da Vinci Code - Summary of spoilers
• The Da Vinci Code - Secret of the Holy Grail
• The Da Vinci Code - The mystery within the mystery
• The Da Vinci Code - Inspiration and influences
• The Da Vinci Code - Reception
• The Da Vinci Code - Acclaim
• The Da Vinci Code - Criticism
• The Da Vinci Code - Motion picture adaptation
• The Da Vinci Code - Parodies
• The Da Vinci Code - Books
• The Da Vinci Code - Other

Read more here: » The Da Vinci Code: Encyclopedia - The Da Vinci Code

Judea or Judaea (יהודה "Praise", Standard Hebrew Yəhuda, Tiberian Hebrew Yəhûḏāh) (Greek: Ιουδαία) is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל Eretz Yisrael), an area now divided between Israel and the West Bank, and, in a few geographical definitions of Judea, Jordan. In modern times, the name "Yehud ...

Including:

• Judea - Historical boundaries
• Judea - Geography
• Judea - History
• Judea - Chronology

Read more here: » Judea: Encyclopedia - Judea