Persia's next ruling dynasties descended from Central Asian Turkic-speaking warriors who had been moving out of Central Asia into Transoxiana for more than a millennium. The Abbasid caliphs began enlisting these people as slave warriors as early as the ninth century. Shortly thereafter the real power of the Abbasid caliphs began to wane; eventually they became religious figureheads while the warrior slaves ruled. As the power of the Abbasid caliphs diminished, a series of independent and indigenous dynasties rose in various parts of Persia, ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - The Middle Ages

William Rufus is a major character in Valerie Anand's historical novel, King of the Wood (1989). He is also a major character in Parke Godwin's Robin and the King (1993), the second volume in Godwin's reinterpretation of the Robin Hood legend. William II is indirectly the subject of two historical novels by George Shipway, called The Paladin and The Wolf Time. The main character of the novels is Walter Tirel (or Tyrell) the supposed assassin of King William, and the main thrust of the plot of ...

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William II of England, William II of England - Early years, William II of England - Appearance, William II of England - England and France, William II of England - Power struggles, William II of England - The Court of William II, William II of England - The unusual death of William II, William II of England - The Rufus Stone, William II of England - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » William II of England: Encyclopedia II - William II of England - Fictional treatments

A stone known as the Rufus Stone marks the spot where some believe he fell. grid reference SU270124 The inscription on the Rufus Stone reads: Here stood the oak tree, on which an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrell at a stag, glanced and struck King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, on the breast, of which he instantly died, on the second day of August, anno 1100. King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, being slain, as before related, was laid in a cart, belonging to one Purkis, and drawn from hence, to Winchester, and buried in the Cathedral Church, of that city. The curre ...

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William II of England, William II of England - Early years, William II of England - Appearance, William II of England - England and France, William II of England - Power struggles, William II of England - The Court of William II, William II of England - The unusual death of William II, William II of England - The Rufus Stone, William II of England - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » William II of England: Encyclopedia II - William II of England - The Rufus Stone

Arnaud de Borchgrave wrote: Several U.S. administrations, beginning in 1953 with a CIA-engineered coup to oust Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh and bring back Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from a brief exile in Rome, to the U.S. betrayal of the shah in 1978, interfered directly in the country's internal affairs. [2] Initially there were hopes that post-occupation Iran could become a constitutional monarchy. The new, young Shah Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi initially took a very hands-off role in government, and allowed ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - United States and the Shah

During World War I the country was occupied by British and Russian forces but was essentially neutral. In 1919, Britain attempted to establish a protectorate in Iran, aided by the Soviet Union's withdrawal in 1921. In that year a military coup established Reza Khan, a Persian officer of the Persian Cossack Brigade, as dictator and then hereditary Shah of the new Pahlavi dynasty (1925). Reza Shah Pahlavi ruled for almost 16 years, at the beginning mostly secretly aided by the British, installed the new Pahlavi dynasty, thwarted the British attempt at cont ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - World Wars

Persia underwent a revival under the Safavid dynasty (1502-1736), the most prominent figure of which was Shah Abbas I. The conqueror Nadir Shah and his successors were followed by the Zand dynasty, founded by Karim Khan, and later the Qajar (1795-1925) and the Pahlavi dynasties (1925-1979). By the 17th century, European countries, including Portugal, Great Britain, Imperial Russia, and France, had already started establishing colonial footholds in the region. Iran as a result lost sovereignty over many of its provinces to these coun ...

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History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - Before the First World War

The Tullie House Museum, an award-winning museum, tells the story of the Border country, including much material on Hadrian's Wall, the Roman defensive structure the course of which runs through the Stanwix area of the city, and many items of Roman architecture. It also features an exhibit explaining the history of the Border Reivers, from whose violent exploits arose the term bereaved. http://www.borderreivers.co.uk/ Tullie House used to house an excellent lending and reference library, but that has now been placed on the upper level of The ...

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Carlisle, Carlisle - Name, Carlisle - History, Carlisle - Geography, Carlisle - Trade and industry, Carlisle - Sport, Carlisle - Education, Carlisle - Curse of Carlisle

Read more here: » Carlisle: Encyclopedia II - Carlisle - Trade and industry

Carlisle is host for all three campuses of the Cumbria Institute of the Arts, with the main building in close vicinity to the River Eden. Also based in the city is an outpost of the University of Central Lancashire. Both offer primarily higher education programmes, the former in Art and affected disciplines, the latter in business, computing and law. There is a plan to create a University of Cumbria, combining various colleges and campuses throughout Cumbria ...

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Carlisle, Carlisle - Name, Carlisle - History, Carlisle - Geography, Carlisle - Trade and industry, Carlisle - Sport, Carlisle - Education, Carlisle - Curse of Carlisle

Read more here: » Carlisle: Encyclopedia II - Carlisle - Education

In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Their four children were: Geoffrey of Anjou Sibylla of Anjou (1112–1165, Bethlehem), married in 1123 William Clito (div. 1124), married in 1134 Thierry, Count of Flanders Alice (or Isabella) (1107–1154, Fontevrault), married William Adelin; after his death in the White Ship she became a nun and later Abbess of Fontevrault. Elias II of Maine (died 1151) His second wife was Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem Baldwin III of Jeru ...

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Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Family

In 1143, while the king and queen were on holiday in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. His horse stumbled, fell, and Fulk's skull was crushed by the saddle. He was carried back to Acre, where he died and was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Though their marriage started in conflict, Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly. Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey of Anjou by his first wife, ...

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Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Death

List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC. The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern Dravidian languages of Southern India (see "Elamo-Dravidian languages") but this is not universally accepted. The proto-Elamites live ...

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List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

Read more here: » List of kings of Persia: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran

See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

Read more here: » List of kings of Persia: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651

Anselm may, with some justice, be considered the first scholarly philosopher of Christian theology. His only great predecessor, Scotus Erigena, had more of the speculative and mystical element than is consistent with a schoolman. In Anselm, by contrast, one finds the special characteristics of scholastic theological thought: a recognition of the relationship of reason to revealed truth, and an attempt to elaborate a rational system of faith. See also:

Anselm of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Biography, Anselm of Canterbury - Early life, Anselm of Canterbury - His years at Bec, Anselm of Canterbury - Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Conflicts with King Henry I, Anselm of Canterbury - Dilecto dilectori, Anselm of Canterbury - Writings, Anselm of Canterbury - Foundation, Anselm of Canterbury - Proofs, Anselm of Canterbury - Further works, Anselm of Canterbury - Recognition, Anselm of Canterbury - Notes

Read more here: » Anselm of Canterbury: Encyclopedia II - Anselm of Canterbury - Writings

Jerusalem's northern border was of great concern. Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II. As regent he had Raymund of Poitou marry the infant Constance of Antioch, daughter of Bohemund II and Alice of Antioch, and niece to Melisende. However, the greatest concern during Fulk's reign was the rise of Atabeg Zengi of Mosul. In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Barin but allied with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the vizier of Damascus. Damascus was also threatened by Zengi. Fulk captured the fort of Banias, to the nort ...

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Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders

El Cid - Early military victories. As a resident of Castile, the Cid was now a vassal of Sancho. Sancho believed that he, as the King's eldest son, was entitled to inherit all of his father's lands. Once he conquered Leon and Galicia, he began making war on his brothers and sisters. At this time some say that the Cid, having proved himself a loyal and brave knight against the Aragonese, was appointed as the armiger regis, or alferez (standard-bearer). This position entailed commanding the armies of Castile. El Cid - Vi ...

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El Cid, El Cid - Early life, El Cid - Service under Sancho, El Cid - Early military victories, El Cid - Victories over Alfonso and Sancho's death, El Cid - Service under Alfonso, El Cid - Battle tactics, El Cid - Marriage and family life, El Cid - Service as administrator, El Cid - Exile, El Cid - Conquest of Valencia, El Cid - Legend, El Cid - Tizona, El Cid - El Cid in literature film and other media, El Cid - Bibliography

Read more here: » El Cid: Encyclopedia II - El Cid - Service under Sancho

The origins of the Crusades in general, and of the First Crusade in particular, stem from events earlier in the Middle Ages. The breakdown of the Carolingian empire in previous centuries, combined with the relative stability of European borders after the Christianization of the Vikings and Magyars, gave rise to an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do but fight among themselves and terrorize the peasant population. Outlets for this violence took the form of campaigns against non-Christians. The Reconquista in Spain wa ...

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First Crusade, First Crusade - Background, First Crusade - The East in the late eleventh century, First Crusade - Chronological sequence of the Crusade, First Crusade - The Council of Clermont, First Crusade - The People's Crusade, First Crusade - The German Crusade, First Crusade - The Princes' Crusade, First Crusade - The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom, First Crusade - Analysis of the First Crusade, First Crusade - Aftermath, First Crusade - The pilgrims, First Crusade - Popularity of the Crusade, First Crusade - Spiritual versus earthly rewards, First Crusade - Selected sources and further reading, First Crusade - Primary sources, First Crusade - Primary sources online, First Crusade - Secondary sources, First Crusade - Bibliographies

Read more here: » First Crusade: Encyclopedia II - First Crusade - Background

Anselm was born in the city of Aosta in the Kingdom of Burgundy. Aosta is located in the Italian Alps region of Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley), near the borders with twentieth century France and Switzerland. His family was accounted noble, and was possessed of considerable property. Gundulph, his father, was by birth a Lombard, and seems to have been a man of harsh and violent temper; his mother, Ermenberga, was a prudent and virtuous woman, from whose careful religious training the young Anselm derived much benefit. At the age of fifteen he d ...

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Anselm of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Biography, Anselm of Canterbury - Writings, Anselm of Canterbury - Notes

Read more here: » Anselm of Canterbury: Encyclopedia II - Anselm of Canterbury - Biography

Perhaps the most memorable event in the life of William Rufus was his death, which occurred while William was hunting in the New Forest. He was killed by an arrow through the heart, but the circumstances remain unclear. On a bright August day in 1100, William organised a hunting trip in the New Forest. An account by Orderic Vitalis described the preparations for the hunt: ...an armourer came in and presented to him (Rufus) six arrows. The King immediately took them with great satisfaction, praising the work, and unconscio ...

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William II of England, William II of England - Early years, William II of England - Appearance, William II of England - England and France, William II of England - Power struggles, William II of England - The Court of William II, William II of England - The unusual death of William II, William II of England - The Rufus Stone, William II of England - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » William II of England: Encyclopedia II - William II of England - The unusual death of William II

When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold, but in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a shinnō (Imperial Prince), becoming Imperial Prince Sadahito. (貞仁親王). In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in 1073, at the age of 19, he became emperor. A kampaku was put in place, but when his father died later that year, he attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the shōen (manor) system, working to weaken ...

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Emperor Shirakawa, Emperor Shirakawa - Genealogy, Emperor Shirakawa - Consorts and Empresses, Emperor Shirakawa - Life, Emperor Shirakawa - Names, Emperor Shirakawa - Eras of his reign

Read more here: » Emperor Shirakawa: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Shirakawa - Life

Fulk was born between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband and became the mistress of King Philip I of France. He became count of Anjou upon his father's death in 1109, at the age of approximately 20. He was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France, but in 1127 he allied with Henry when Henry arranged for his daughter Matilda to marry Fulk's son Geoffrey of Anjou. Fulk went on crusade in 1120, and become a c ...

See also:

Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou

In 1300, King Wenceslaus II was crowned King of Poland. Wenceslaus II (1300–1305) Wenceslaus III (1305–1306) The royal line ended in 1306, with the death of King Wenceslaus III. The Bohemian throne went to the Luxembourgs, and the Polish returned to the Piasts. Descendants of Nicholas, illegitimate son of King Přemysl Otakar II still, however, ruled Opava and Racibórz. This l ...

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Přemyslid dynasty, Přemyslid dynasty - Legendary rulers, Přemyslid dynasty - Dukes of Bohemia, Přemyslid dynasty - Kings of Bohemia, Přemyslid dynasty - Kings of Bohemia and Poland, Přemyslid dynasty - Family tree, Přemyslid dynasty - Family tree of Elizabeth of Bohemia + Jagellonians + Habsburgs

Read more here: » Přemyslid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - Přemyslid dynasty - Kings of Bohemia and Poland

After many months of popular protests against the rule of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was forced to flee the nation on January 16, 1979. After a period of internal competition over the future of Iran, the contest was eventually won by the alliance led by the Ayatollah Khomeini who supported making Iran a theocratic state. On February 1, 1979, Khomeini returned from France (after 15 years in exile in France, Turkey, and Iraq) overthrowing the shah's government on February 11 and becoming Iran's Supreme Leader. The new government wa ...

See also:

History of Iran, History of Iran - Ancient history, History of Iran - Islamic Conquest, History of Iran - Iran after arrival of Islam, History of Iran - The Middle Ages, History of Iran - Before the First World War, History of Iran - World Wars, History of Iran - United States and the Shah, History of Iran - Islamic Revolution, History of Iran - The Islamic Republic, History of Iran - History related articles on Iran

Read more here: » History of Iran: Encyclopedia II - History of Iran - Islamic Revolution