The Coptic Orthodox Church is a member of the Oriental Orthodox churches, not to be mistaken with the Eastern Orthodox group of churches. The Coptic Orthodox Chruch has its own Pope and Patriarch, whom is currently His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and the See of St. Mark. The following is a list of all the Popes who have held led the Coptic Orthodox Church since the Council of Chalcedon. For the earlier Patriarchs of Alexandria prior to the schism, see List of Patriarchs of Alexandr ...

Read more here: » List of Coptic Popes: Encyclopedia - List of Coptic Popes

Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 or 1034 – April 21, 1109), a widely influential medieval philosopher and theologian, held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109. Called the founder of Scholasticism, he is famous as the inventor of the ontological argument for the existence of God. Anselm of Canterbury - Biography. Anselm was born in the city of Aosta in the Kingdom of Burgundy. Aosta is located in the Italian Alps region of Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley), near the borders with twentieth c ...

Including:

• Anselm of Canterbury - Biography
• Anselm of Canterbury - Writings
• Anselm of Canterbury - Notes

Read more here: » Anselm of Canterbury: Encyclopedia - Anselm of Canterbury

An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. One of the most famous of this type of clock is the Old-Town Hall clock in Prague, Czech Republic. It is also known as the Prague Orloj. The central portion was completed in 1410. The four figures are set in motion at the hour, with Death (represented by a skeleton) striking the time. On the hour there is a presentation of statues of the Apostles at the doorways above the clock, with all twelve presented at no ...

Read more here: » Astronomical clock: Encyclopedia - Astronomical clock

William II (called "Rufus", perhaps because of his red-faced appearance) (c. 1056 – 2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and was King of England from 1087 until 1100, with powers also over Normandy, and influence in Scotland. He was less successful in extending his control in Wales. Although William was an effective soldier, he was a ruthless ruler and was little liked by those he governed; according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was "hated by almost all his people." However, it is not s ...

Including:

• William II of England - Early years
• William II of England - Appearance
• William II of England - England and France
• William II of England - Power struggles
• William II of England - The Court of William II
• William II of England - The unusual death of William II
• William II of England - The Rufus Stone
• William II of England - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » William II of England: Encyclopedia - William II of England

1032 - Events. February 2 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy. 1032 - Births. February 16 - Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067) King Vratislav II of Bohemia (d. 1092) 1032 - Deaths. October - Pope John XIX Category: 1032 ...

Including:

• 1032 - Events
• 1032 - Births
• 1032 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1032: Encyclopedia - 1032

1154 - Events. King Stephen of England dies at Dover, and is succeeded by his adopted son Henry Plantagenet who becomes King Henry II of England, aged 21. Sweden's King Eric introduces Christianity to Finland (see History of Finland). December 14 - Nicholas Breakspear, the only English pope, is elected as Pope Adrian IV, succeding Pope Anastasius IV. A chateau is built at Chinon by Theobald I, count of Blois. William I becomes king of Sicily. Nur ad-Din gains con ...

Including:

• 1154 - Events
• 1154 - Births
• 1154 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1154: Encyclopedia - 1154

Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (also known as Ibn Ezra, or Abenezra) (1092 or 1093-1167), was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. He was born at Tudela province of Navarra, left his native land of Spain before 1140 and led until his death a life of restless wandering, which took him to North Africa, Egypt, Italy (Rome, Lucca, Mantua, Verona), Southern France (Narbonne, Béziers), Northern France (Dreux), England (London), and back again to the South of France. < ...

Including:

• Abraham ibn Ezra - His Works
• Abraham ibn Ezra - His Mission
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Biblical Commentaries
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Hebrew Grammar
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Smaller Works Partly Grammatical Partly Exegetical
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Religious Philosophy
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Mathematics Astronomy Astrology
• Abraham ibn Ezra - As Poet
• Abraham ibn Ezra - Article references

Read more here: » Abraham ibn Ezra: Encyclopedia - Abraham ibn Ezra

William Rufus inherited the Anglo-Norman settlement whose details are reflected in Domesday Book (1086), a survey that could not have been undertaken anywhere in Europe at that time and a signal of the control of the monarchy, but he did not inherit William's charisma and political skills. Within a few years he lost William's advisor and confidant, the Italian-Norman archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc, in 1089. Much of William's reign was spent feuding with the church; after the death of Lanfranc, he delayed appointing a new archbisho ...

See also:

William II of England, William II of England - Early years, William II of England - Appearance, William II of England - England and France, William II of England - Power struggles, William II of England - The Court of William II, William II of England - The unusual death of William II, William II of England - The Rufus Stone, William II of England - Fictional treatments

Read more here: » William II of England: Encyclopedia II - William II of England - Power struggles

List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 661–750 Abbasid dynasty, 750–867 divided, 867–1029 List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872. Taher ebne Hosein ebne Mos'ab, Emir 821–822 Talhat ebne Taher, 822–828 Abdollah ebne Taher, 828–844See also:

List of kings of Persia, List of kings of Persia - Early realms in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC, List of kings of Persia - Jiroft Kingdom c. 2500 BC, List of kings of Persia - Empire of Medians and Persians, List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC, List of kings of Persia - Achaemenid dynasty 550–330 BC, List of kings of Persia - Hellenistic rulers, List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC, List of kings of Persia - Seleucid dynasty 305–164 BC, List of kings of Persia - Parthian dynasty Arsacid dynasty 247 BC – AD 224, List of kings of Persia - Sassanid dynasty AD 224–651, List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran, List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule, List of kings of Persia - Tahirids in Khorasan 821–872, List of kings of Persia - Alavids 864–928, List of kings of Persia - Ziyarids 928–1043, List of kings of Persia - Buyyids 932–1056, List of kings of Persia - Saffarids in Seistan and beyond 861–1002, List of kings of Persia - Samanids Proto-Tajiks 892–998, List of kings of Persia - Ghaznavids 997–1186, List of kings of Persia - Seljuk Turks 1029–1194, List of kings of Persia - Khwarazmids 1096–1230, List of kings of Persia - Ilkhans 1256–1380, List of kings of Persia - Muzaffarid Dynasty 1314–1393, List of kings of Persia - Timurid dynasty 1380–1507, List of kings of Persia - Shahs of modern Iran, List of kings of Persia - Safavid dynasty 1502–1736, List of kings of Persia - Afsharid dynasty 1736–1749, List of kings of Persia - Zand dynasty 1750–1794, List of kings of Persia - Qajar dynasty 1796–1925, List of kings of Persia - Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979

Read more here: » List of kings of Persia: Encyclopedia II - List of kings of Persia - Rulers after the advent of Islam in Iran

King Henry II of England approved the election of Hugh of Avalon, a Carthusian monk and later canonized a saint, as Bishop of Lincoln in 1186, and St. Hugh died in 1200, before his plan for the rebuilding was completed. The western end of the cathedral was always where it is now, but the eastern end (east of the original, now "great" transept) was moved eastward each time the cathedral was enlarged: The eastern wall of the Norman building (1073) was in the middle of what is now St. Hugh's Choir. The eastern end of the Early English building ...

See also:

Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral - Construction, Lincoln Cathedral - History, Lincoln Cathedral - The Lincoln Imp, Lincoln Cathedral - Today

Read more here: » Lincoln Cathedral: Encyclopedia II - Lincoln Cathedral - History

List of assassinated people - Algeria. Hiempsal, (117 BC), co-ruler of Numidia, by Jugurtha François Darlan, (1942), French Admiral, by a French monarchist, Ferdinand Bonnier de La Chapelle Maurice Audin, (1957), communist mathematician Mohamed Khemisti, (1963), foreign minister of Algeria, in Algiers by an unknown gunman Mustafa Bouyali, (1987), Islamic fundamentalist, in Algiers Mohamed Boudiaf, (1992), president of Algeria Youcef Sebti, (1993), Alger ...

See also:

List of assassinated people, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in Africa, List of assassinated people - Algeria, List of assassinated people - Burkina Faso, List of assassinated people - Burundi, List of assassinated people - Chad, List of assassinated people - Comoros, List of assassinated people - Congo Brazzaville, List of assassinated people - Congo Kinshasa, List of assassinated people - Côte d'Ivoire, List of assassinated people - Egypt, List of assassinated people - Equatorial Guinea, List of assassinated people - Ethiopia, List of assassinated people - The Gambia, List of assassinated people - Guinea, List of assassinated people - Kenya, List of assassinated people - Liberia, List of assassinated people - Madagascar, List of assassinated people - Mozambique, List of assassinated people - Niger, List of assassinated people - Nigeria, List of assassinated people - Rwanda, List of assassinated people - Somalia, List of assassinated people - South Africa, List of assassinated people - Sudan, List of assassinated people - Tanzania, List of assassinated people - Togo, List of assassinated people - Tunisia, List of assassinated people - Uganda, List of assassinated people - Zimbabwe, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in the Americas, List of assassinated people - Argentina, List of assassinated people - Bermuda, List of assassinated people - Bolivia, List of assassinated people - Brazil, List of assassinated people - Canada, List of assassinated people - Chile, List of assassinated people - Colombia, List of assassinated people - Cuba, List of assassinated people - Dominican Republic, List of assassinated people - Ecuador, List of assassinated people - El Salvador, List of assassinated people - Guatemala, List of assassinated people - Guyana, List of assassinated people - Haiti, List of assassinated people - Mexico, List of assassinated people - Nicaragua, List of assassinated people - Panama, List of assassinated people - Paraguay, List of assassinated people - Peru, List of assassinated people - United States, List of assassinated people - Uruguay, List of assassinated people - Venezuela, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in Asia, List of assassinated people - Afghanistan, List of assassinated people - Bangladesh, List of assassinated people - Bhutan, List of assassinated people - Cambodia, List of assassinated people - China, List of assassinated people - India, List of assassinated people - Iran, List of assassinated people - Iraq, List of assassinated people - Israel and Palestinian Authority Territories, List of assassinated people - Japan, List of assassinated people - Jordan, List of assassinated people - Korea, List of assassinated people - Lebanon, List of assassinated people - Myanmar, List of assassinated people - Nepal, List of assassinated people - Pakistan, List of assassinated people - Philippines, List of assassinated people - Qatar, List of assassinated people - Saudi Arabia, List of assassinated people - Sri Lanka, List of assassinated people - Syria, List of assassinated people - Turkey, List of assassinated people - Vietnam, List of assassinated people - Yemen, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in Australia and Oceania, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in Europe, List of assassinated people - Austria, List of assassinated people - Belgium, List of assassinated people - Bulgaria, List of assassinated people - Cyprus, List of assassinated people - Czech Republic, List of assassinated people - Finland, List of assassinated people - France, List of assassinated people - Germany, List of assassinated people - Greece, List of assassinated people - Hungary, List of assassinated people - Ireland, List of assassinated people - Italy, List of assassinated people - Malta, List of assassinated people - The Netherlands, List of assassinated people - Poland, List of assassinated people - Portugal, List of assassinated people - Romania, List of assassinated people - Spain, List of assassinated people - Sweden, List of assassinated people - Switzerland, List of assassinated people - United Kingdom, List of assassinated people - Yugoslavia and successor states, List of assassinated people - Assassinations in the former Soviet Union, List of assassinated people - Deaths under suspicious circumstances, List of assassinated people - Related articles and lists

Read more here: » List of assassinated people: Encyclopedia II - List of assassinated people - Assassinations in Africa

List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church. The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury    (c.600-present) The Cathedral Church of Saint Philip, Birmingham    (1905-present) (parish church -1905) The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Bristol    (1542-1836 & 1897-present) (Augustinian abbe ...

See also:

List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Abbreviations and Key, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Greek Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Antiochian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Russian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Iona Community, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Scottish Episcopal Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Greek Orthodox Cathedrals in Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Former Cathedrals of Scotland no longer in ecclesiastical use, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Northern Ireland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar

Read more here: » List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar

Sir R.C. Hoare describes it as "a city of high note in the remotest periods by the several barrows near it, and its proximity to the two largest Druidical temples in England, namely, Stonehenge and Avebury." [1] The Romans held it as a strong military station, and it was admitted to the privileges of the Latin law, under the name of Sorbiodunum. ^{See also:}

Old Sarum, Old Sarum - History, Old Sarum - Decline, Old Sarum - Legislative infamy As a rotten borough, Old Sarum - Read about Salisbury and Sarum

Read more here: » Old Sarum: Encyclopedia II - Old Sarum - History

Pisa - Ancient times. Nobody really knows when Pisa was founded. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi ...

See also:

Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

Read more here: » Pisa: Encyclopedia II - Pisa - History

Aversa was the first of the Norman territories in the Mediterranean. In 1027, it was ceded to the Normans, to be ruled at first by Rainulf Drengot, a cadet of the seigneurs of Quarrel near Alençon; he was invested as count by Sergio IV, duca di Napoli and confirmed by Emperor Henry II e poi dell'Imperatore Enrico II. By offering a generous principle of asylum for the persecuted Rainulfo enlarged the power and importance of his little borgowhich became the base from which the Normans became a force in Sicily and Italy. The most important of t ...

See also:

Aversa, Aversa - Nearest communes, Aversa - History, Aversa - Famous people from Aversa, Aversa - Monuments, Aversa - External link

Read more here: » Aversa: Encyclopedia II - Aversa - History

The first historical PÅ™emyslid was Duke BoÅ™ivoj I, baptised in 874 by Saint Methodius. In 895, Bohemia gained independence from the Great Moravia. Between 1003 and 1004, Bohemia was controlled by Boleslaus the Brave, Duke of Poland from the Piast dynasty, grand-son of Boleslaus I the Cruel. In 1086, Duke Vratislaus II, and, in 1158, Duke Vladislaus II, were crowned King of Bohemia as a personal award from the Holy Roman Emperor. The title, however, was not hereditary. BoÅ™ivoj I (c.870–889) SpytihnÄ›v I (895â ...

See also:

Přemyslid dynasty, Přemyslid dynasty - Legendary rulers, Přemyslid dynasty - Dukes of Bohemia, Přemyslid dynasty - Kings of Bohemia, Přemyslid dynasty - Kings of Bohemia and Poland, Přemyslid dynasty - Family tree, Přemyslid dynasty - Family tree of Elizabeth of Bohemia + Jagellonians + Habsburgs

Read more here: » PÅ™emyslid dynasty: Encyclopedia II - PÅ™emyslid dynasty - Dukes of Bohemia

By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him. Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughter's inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. His experience in the field would prove in ...

See also:

Fulk of Jerusalem, Fulk of Jerusalem - Count of Anjou, Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King, Fulk of Jerusalem - Securing the borders, Fulk of Jerusalem - Death, Fulk of Jerusalem - Family, Fulk of Jerusalem - Sources, Fulk of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Fulk of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Fulk of Jerusalem - Crusader and King

Pisa - Ancient times. Pisa's origins are unknown. The city lies at the junction of two rivers, Arno and Auser (now disappeared) in the Tyrrhenian Sea forming a laguna area. The Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans and the Ligurians have variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archeological remains from the 5th century BC confirm the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis was discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991. A ...

See also:

Pisa, Pisa - History, Pisa - Ancient times, Pisa - High Middles Ages, Pisa - 11th century, Pisa - 12th century, Pisa - 13th century, Pisa - Decline, Pisa - Landmarks, Pisa - Notable people associated with Pisa, Pisa - Sources

Read more here: » Pisa: Encyclopedia II - Pisa - History

Anselm of Canterbury - Early life. Anselm was born in the city of Aosta in the Kingdom of Burgundy. Aosta is located in the Italian Alps region of Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley), near the borders with twentieth century France and Switzerland. His family was accounted noble, and owned considerable property. Gundulph, his father, was by birth a Lombard, and seems to have been a man of harsh and violent temper. His mother, Ermenberga, was a prudent and virtuous woman, who gave the young Anselm careful religious traini ...

See also:

Anselm of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Biography, Anselm of Canterbury - Early life, Anselm of Canterbury - His years at Bec, Anselm of Canterbury - Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury - Conflicts with King Henry I, Anselm of Canterbury - Dilecto dilectori, Anselm of Canterbury - Writings, Anselm of Canterbury - Foundation, Anselm of Canterbury - Proofs, Anselm of Canterbury - Further works, Anselm of Canterbury - Recognition, Anselm of Canterbury - Notes

Read more here: » Anselm of Canterbury: Encyclopedia II - Anselm of Canterbury - Biography

In the 1070s, Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish, a distant cousin of Malik Shah, the ruler of Great Seljuk, rose to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, Süleyman captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (Iznik) and Nicomedia (Izmit). In defiance of Malik Shah, he declared himself sultan in 1077 and established the capital at Nicaea. The Sultanate expanded, but when Süleyman was killed in Antioch (Antakya) in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, the dynasty saw a certain end when Süleyman's son Kilij Arslan was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died ...

See also:

Sultanate of Rüm, Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment, Sultanate of Rüm - Downfall, Sultanate of Rüm - The Dynasty

Read more here: » Sultanate of Rüm: Encyclopedia II - Sultanate of Rüm - Establishment