Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia - History Of China
China is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with written records dating back 3,500 years. Turtle shells with marki...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shang Dynasty: Encyclopedia - Shang Dynasty
Shang Dynasty (Chinese: 商朝) or Yin Dynasty (殷代) (1600 BC - 1046 BC) is the first historic Chinese dynasty and ruled in the northe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yin City: Encyclopedia - Yin City
Yin is said to be the last capital of the Chinese Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). Excavations suggest that this city was located on th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anyang: Encyclopedia - Anyang
Anyang (Simplified: 安阳; Traditional: 安陽; Hanyu Pinyin: Ānyáng) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Henan province, Peopl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia - Civilization
The word civilization (or civilisation) has a variety of meanings related to human society. The term comes from the Latin civis, meaning ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Early Civilizations
The earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Early Civilizations
The earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Ancient Histories
Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Ancient Histories
Archaeological sites such as Sanxingdui (三星堆) and Erlitou (二里頭) show evidence of a Bronze Age civilization in China. The earl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Suicides: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Suicides - Alphabetical
List of suicides - A. Johnny Ace, (1954), singer George Washington Adams, (1829), son of John Quincy Adams, jumped off a boat Robert A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Han Dynasty
Yuánguāng(元光) Yuánshuò (元朔) Yuánshòu (元狩) Yuándǐng (元鼎) Yuánfēng (元封) Tàichū (太初) Tiānhàn (天漢) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Suicides: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Suicides - Alphabetical
List of suicides - A. Johnny Ace, (1954), singer George Washington Adams, (1829), son of John Quincy Adams, jumped off a boat Robert A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Early Civilizations
The earliest known civilizations (as defined in the traditional sense) arose in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anyang: Encyclopedia Ii - Anyang - History
Anyang is the site of the ancient Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC) capital known as Yinxu, or "the ruin of Yin" - the last capital of Sh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Jin, The Sixteen Kingdoms, And The Northern And Southern Dynasties
Though these three kingdoms were reunited temporarily in 280 by the (Western) Jin Dynasty (晉朝), the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - The Republic Of China
Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's weakness, young officials, military officers, and students—inspired ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - The Present
With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (中華人民共和國) on October 1, 1949, China was divided yet again, into the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Negative Views Of Civilization
Civilization has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints and for a variety of reasons. However, few critics have objected to all asp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Senses Of The Word
Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions. By the most minimal, literal definition, a civilization is a complex society. Tech...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty (清朝, 1644–1911) was founded after the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus (滿族). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival Of Chinese Culture
There was strong sentiment, among the populace, against the rule of the "foreigner" (known as Dázi 韃子), which finally led to peasant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Han Dynasty: A Period Of Prosperity
The Han Dynasty (漢朝) emerged in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideologi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Problems With The Term Civilization
As discussed above, "civilization" has a number of meanings, and its use can lead to confusion and misunderstanding. However, "civilizati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Jin The Sixteen Kingdoms And The Northern And Southern Dynasties
Though these three kingdoms were reunited temporarily in 280 by the (Western) Jin Dynasty (晉朝), the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification
The Sui Dynasty (隋朝) managed to reunite the country in 589 after almost 300 years of disjunction. The unification is the second short...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Mongols And The Yuan Dynasty
The Jin Empire was defeated by the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first war where ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Tang Dynasty: Return To Prosperity
On June 18, 618, Gaozu (唐高祖) took the throne, and the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) was established, opening a new age of prosperity and in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - What Characterizes Civilization
Literally, a civilization is a complex society, as distinguished from a simpler society. Everyone lives in a society and a culture, but n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - The Future Of Civilizations
Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington has argued that the defining characteristic of the 21st century will be a clash of civilizations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - The Fall Of Civilisations
There have been many explanations put forwards for the collapse of civilisation. Edward Gibbon's massive work "The Decline and Fall of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - The Future Of Civilizations
Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington has argued that the defining characteristic of the 21st century will be a clash of civilizations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Negative Views Of Civilization
Civilization has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints and for a variety of reasons. However, few critics have objected to all asp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Problems With The Term Civilization
As discussed above, "civilization" has a number of meanings, and its use can lead to confusion and misunderstanding. However, "civilizati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Qin Dynasty: The First Chinese Empire
Though the unified reign of the Qin (秦) Emperor lasted only twelve years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilizations As Complex Systems
Another group of theorists, making use of systems theory, look at civilizations as complex systems or networks of cities that emerge from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilization As A Cultural Identity
"Civilization" can also describe the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Senses Of The Word
Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions. By the most minimal, literal definition, a civilization is a complex society. Tech...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilizations As Complex Systems
Another group of theorists, making use of systems theory, look at civilizations as complex systems or networks of cities that emerge from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilization As A Cultural Identity
"Civilization" can also describe the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - What Characterizes Civilization
Literally, a civilization is a complex society, as distinguished from a simpler society. Everyone lives in a society and a culture, but n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - The Fall Of Civilizations
There have been many explanations put forwards for the collapse of civilization. Edward Gibbon's massive work "The Decline and Fall of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Han Dynasty: A Period Of Prosperity
The Han Dynasty (漢朝) emerged in 202 BC. It was the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism, which became the ideologi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Qin Dynasty: The First Chinese Empire
Though the unified reign of the Qin (秦) Emperor lasted only twelve years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Jin The Sixteen Kingdoms And The Northern And Southern Dynasties
Though these three kingdoms were reunited temporarily in 280 by the (Western) Jin Dynasty (晉朝), the contemporary non-Han Chinese (Wu ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Sui Dynasty: Reunification
The Sui Dynasty (隋朝) managed to reunite the country in 589 after almost 300 years of disjunction. The unification is the second short...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Mongols And The Yuan Dynasty
The Jin Empire was defeated by the Mongols, who then proceeded to defeat the Southern Song in a long and bloody war, the first war where ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Tang Dynasty: Return To Prosperity
On June 18, 618, Gaozu (唐高祖) took the throne, and the Tang Dynasty (唐朝) was established, opening a new age of prosperity and in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Problems With The Term Civilization
As discussed above, "civilization" has a number of meanings, and its use can lead to confusion and misunderstanding. However, "civilizati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Negative Views Of Civilization
Civilization has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints and for a variety of reasons. However, few critics have objected to all asp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - What Characterizes Civilization
Literally, a civilization is a complex society, as distinguished from a simpler society. Everyone lives in a society and a culture, but n...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Senses Of The Word
Civilization - 1: Literal and technical definitions. By the most minimal, literal definition, a civilization is a complex society. Tech...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilization As A Cultural Identity
"Civilization" can also describe the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - Civilizations As Complex Systems
Another group of theorists, making use of systems theory, look at civilizations as complex systems or networks of cities that emerge from...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Civilization: Encyclopedia Ii - Civilization - The Future Of Civilizations
Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington has argued that the defining characteristic of the 21st century will be a clash of civilizations...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Ming Dynasty: Revival Of Chinese Culture
There was strong sentiment, among the populace, against the rule of the "foreigner" (known as Dázi 韃子), which finally led to peasant...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty (清朝, 1644–1911) was founded after the defeat of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus (滿族). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Song Dynasty
Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989 C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Liao Dynasty
Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947 Qianh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Western Xia
(景宗) (武烈帝) (李元昊) Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Jin Dynasty
Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào   姓名 xìngmíng Reign Nian Hao 年號 niánhào and Years 太祖 完顏阿骨�...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Yuan Dynasty
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264-1294 Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297-1307 Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314-1320 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328 Zhishu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Five Dynasties And Ten Kingdoms
Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Tang Dynasty
Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - Post Modern Independence
With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (中華人民共和國) on October 1, 1949, China was divided yet again, into the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of China: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of China - The Republic Of China
Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's weakness, young officials, military officers, and students—inspired ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Three Kingdoms Period
Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Sixteen Kingdoms Period
Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 3...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Northern And Southern Dynasties
Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Table Of Chinese Monarchs: Encyclopedia Ii - Table Of Chinese Monarchs - Ming Dynasty
To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here. (short form) most commonly known 朱元璋 高帝 太祖 洪武 朱允�...   » Read the article