List of Castilian monarchs - Elective Counts. These counts were not hereditary, they were the representatives of the Asturian king in the eastern march of his realm. Rodrigo (850-873) Diego Rodríguez Porcelos (873-885) Several counties until 932 Nuño Núñez I de Castrogeriz (889-909) Nuño Núñez II de Amaya (909-915) Ferdinand Díaz (909-923) Gonzalo Fernández de Lara (912-920), father of Fernán González (see below) Nuño ...

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List of Castilian monarchs, List of Castilian monarchs - Counts of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Elective Counts, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Lara, List of Castilian monarchs - Kings of Castile, List of Castilian monarchs - Jiménez Dynasty, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Burgundy, List of Castilian monarchs - House of Trastámara

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Knowing the circumstance of Al-Andalus in the 10th and 11th centuries is important to understand the development of the Christian kingdoms. Reconquista - The Caliph of Córdoba. The 9th century saw the Berber revolts, and they returned back to Africa, and many governors of big cities far away from the capital (Córdoba) planned to separate. Then, in 923 the Emir of Córdoba (Abd-al-Rahman III), the last descendant of the Ummayad dynasty, declared himself caliph, independent from Baghdad. He took all the mi ...

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Reconquista, Reconquista - Overview, Reconquista - The rebellion of the Astures and the early kingdom, Reconquista - The Pyrenees’ block, Reconquista - War tactics in medieval Iberian Peninsula, Reconquista - Repopulating Hispania: the origin of fueros, Reconquista - The 10th and 11th centuries: crisis and splendour, Reconquista - The Caliph of Córdoba, Reconquista - Civil War, Reconquista - The Kingdom of León, Reconquista - King Ramiro, Reconquista - Alfonso V, Reconquista - Sancho the Great, Reconquista - King Fernando, Reconquista - The Almoravids, Reconquista - Christian in-fighting, Reconquista - Expansion into the Crusades, Reconquista - Ethnic cleansing, Reconquista - Division of land, Reconquista - Cultural influence, Reconquista - Modern views, Reconquista - Social types under the Reconquista, Reconquista - Sources

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Godwin's father was probably Wulfnoth Cild (c.983-1015) who was Thegn of Sussex, although later documents describe his father as a churl. Wulfnoth was a sixth generation descendant of King Ethelred of Wessex, the elder brother of Alfred the Great. His descendants were passed over in the royal succession, but became prominent nobles in the kingdom. Wulfnoth led a section of the royal fleet into piracy and as a consequence had his lands forfeited, and was exiled. It was left to his young son, Godwin, to improve th ...

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Godwin Earl of Wessex, Godwin Earl of Wessex - Biography, Godwin Earl of Wessex - Sources

Read more here: » Godwin Earl of Wessex: Encyclopedia II - Godwin Earl of Wessex - Biography

List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Angevins. Henry II (1154-1189) Henry, the Young King (co-monarch, 1170-1183)4 Richard I, the Lionheart (1189-1199) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward I (1272-1307) Edward II (1307-1327) (deposed, died 1327) Edward III ...

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List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Catuvellauni, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Roman Occupation, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Romano-Britons, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Anglo-Saxon Bretwaldas, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Mercians, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - West Saxons, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Danes, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - West Saxons restored, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Normans, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Plantagenets, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Angevins, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Lancaster, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of York, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Tudor, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Stuart, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Commonwealth, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Stuart restored, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Hanover, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - House of Windsor, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Footnotes, List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - External link

Read more here: » List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England: Encyclopedia II - List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England - Plantagenets

History of Denmark - Earliest literary sources. Widsith and Beowulf and by later Scandinavian writers, notably Saxo Grammaticus (c. 1200) provide some of the earliest descriptions of Danish culture. Much is mythical and legendary. Like Homer an earlier culture is described imperfectly from a later perspective. However, they may contain some historical facts. History of Denmark - Vikings. See also:

History of Denmark, History of Denmark - Ancient Denmark, History of Denmark - The Germanic Iron Age, History of Denmark - Middle Ages, History of Denmark - Earliest literary sources, History of Denmark - Vikings, History of Denmark - Christianity and the Establishment of Denmark, History of Denmark - Difficulties for the Kings, History of Denmark - Margaret and the Kalmar Union, History of Denmark - Early Modern, History of Denmark - Reformation, History of Denmark - Early Modern Politics, History of Denmark - Absolutism, History of Denmark - Colonialism, History of Denmark - 19th Century, History of Denmark - Napoleonic Wars, History of Denmark - Nationalism and Liberalism, History of Denmark - Monetary Union, History of Denmark - 20th Century, History of Denmark - Early 20th century, History of Denmark - Post-War

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High Middle Ages - Britain. Main article: Britain in the Middle Ages and Scotland in the High Middle Ages In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a French-speaking nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, though their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later regained her independence. The Ex ...

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High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages - Historical events and politics, High Middle Ages - Britain, High Middle Ages - Scandinavia, High Middle Ages - Western and Central Europe, High Middle Ages - Southern Europe, High Middle Ages - Eastern Europe, High Middle Ages - Climate and agriculture, High Middle Ages - The Rise of Chivalry, High Middle Ages - Religion, High Middle Ages - The Church, High Middle Ages - The Crusades, High Middle Ages - Scholasticism, High Middle Ages - Golden age of monasticism, High Middle Ages - Mendicant orders, High Middle Ages - Heretical movements, High Middle Ages - Trade and commerce, High Middle Ages - Technology, High Middle Ages - Culture, High Middle Ages - Art, High Middle Ages - Architecture, High Middle Ages - Literature, High Middle Ages - Music, High Middle Ages - Timeline

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Harald was killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, outside the city of York, England. The battle took place on 25 September 1066. Harald died fighting against the forces of King Harold Godwinson of England. He had come to England with the idea of claiming the English Throne as his own. He landed in Northern England with a force of around 5,000 men and 300 longboats, and had won a great victory on 20 September against the first English forces he met at the Battle of Fulford two miles south of York. Some speculate that Harald's defeat at the ...

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Harald III of Norway, Harald III of Norway - Early life, Harald III of Norway - Time in the Byzantine Empire, Harald III of Norway - Return to Norway, Harald III of Norway - Invasion of England, Harald III of Norway - Sources

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The diocese of Beauvais was traditionally founded by St. Lucianus in the 3rd century. After 1013 the Bishops were simultaneously Counts of Beauvais, and one of the Peers of France. The Bishop had a role in the coronation ceremony of the French king, and played a role in politics; Roger II died during the First Crusade, Peter of Dreux was a participant in the Third Crusade and the Battle of Bouvines, ...

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Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis, Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis - History, Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis - Bishops of Beauvais, Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis - Bishops of Amiens, Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis - Bishops of Beauvais restored, Bishop of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis - Bishops of Beauvais-Noyons-Senlis

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Varangians first appear in the Byzantine world in 839, when the emperor Theophilus negotiated with the Varangians, whom he called Rhos, to provide a few mercenaries for his army. Although the Varangians often had peaceful trading relations with the Byzantines, they sometimes led attacks against Constantinople. Such attacks came in 860, 907, 911, 941, 945, 971, and finally 1043. These raids were successful only in causing the Byzantines to re-arrange their trading arrangements; militarily, the Varangians were always defeated by the superior Byzan ...

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Varangian, Varangian - The Varangian Rus, Varangian - The Varangian Guard, Varangian - Primary Sources, Varangian - Sources, Varangian - Notes

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List of monarchs of England - Angevins. Henry II (1154-1189) Henry, the Young King (1170-1183)4 Richard I, the Lionheart (1189-1199) John (1199-1216) Henry III (1216-1272) Edward I (1272-1307) Edward II (1307-1327) (deposed, died 1327) Edward III (1327-1377) Richard II (1377-1399) (deposed, died 1400) List of monarchs of England - Lancastrians. Henry IV (1399-1413) Henry V (1 ...

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List of monarchs of England, List of monarchs of England - West Saxons, List of monarchs of England - Danes, List of monarchs of England - West Saxons restored, List of monarchs of England - Normans, List of monarchs of England - Plantagenets, List of monarchs of England - Angevins, List of monarchs of England - Lancastrians, List of monarchs of England - Yorkists, List of monarchs of England - Tudors, List of monarchs of England - Stuarts, List of monarchs of England - Interregnum, List of monarchs of England - Stuarts restored, List of monarchs of England - Hanoverians, List of monarchs of England - Windsors, List of monarchs of England - Footnotes, List of monarchs of England - External link

Read more here: » List of monarchs of England: Encyclopedia II - List of monarchs of England - Plantagenets

Rudolf, after defeating Ottokar and becoming King of Germany, gave Carinthia to Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol. In 1335, after the death of Henry, the last male of this line, Carinthia passed to the Habsburg family who ruled it until 1918. As the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy, Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for a long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, in the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria an ...

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Carinthia duchy, Carinthia duchy - Karantania and medieval dynasties, Carinthia duchy - Habsburgs, Carinthia duchy - 20th century, Carinthia duchy - Dukes of Carinthia, Carinthia duchy - Various dynasties, Carinthia duchy - Eppensteiner, Carinthia duchy - Sponheimer, Carinthia duchy - Various dynasties, Carinthia duchy - Gorizia-Tyrol, Carinthia duchy - Habsburg

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According to the Basque tradition, the Basque Country is made up of seven traditional regions. The four regions to the south, form Hegoalde (“south zone”), while the three to the northeast, within France, form Iparralde (“north zone”). The seven regions are: Southern Basque Country Álava (Araba in Basque) Guipúzcoa (Gipuzkoa in Basque) Navarre (Nafarroa in Basque, Navarra in Spanish) Biscay (B ...

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Basque Country, Basque Country - Geography, Basque Country - Today's borders, Basque Country - History

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In the Middle Ages, the domain of the Serbs included six territories, roughly sorted by importance: Rascia (Raška) Bosnia (Bosna) Doclea / Zeta Zahumlje / Hum Travunia (Travunja, Terbounia) Pagania / Neretvia / Frontier (Paganija, Neretva, Narenta, Krajina, Meranija) Different dynasties sometimes arose from different regions, and this list concentrates on those rulers whose fam ...

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List of Serbian monarchs, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of medieval Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Earliest rulers, List of Serbian monarchs - Vlastimirovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Vojislavljevići/Uroševići, List of Serbian monarchs - Nemanjići, List of Serbian monarchs - Lazarevići, List of Serbian monarchs - Brankovići, List of Serbian monarchs - Rulers of modern Serbian states, List of Serbian monarchs - Rebel leader, List of Serbian monarchs - Princes of Serbia 1815-1882, List of Serbian monarchs - Kings of Serbia 1882-1918, List of Serbian monarchs - Sources

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The countries that we now know as Spain and Portugal spent the Middle Ages after 722 in an intermittent struggle called the Reconquista. This struggle pitted the northern Christian kingdoms against the Islamic kingdoms of the South and among themselves. In the Late Middle Ages, the Aragonese expansion southwards met with the Castilian advance northward in the region of Murcia. Afterward, the Aragonese empire focused in the Mediterranean, acting as far as Greece and Barbary, whereas Portugal, which completed its ReconquistaSee also:

Crown of Aragon, Crown of Aragon - Context, Crown of Aragon - History

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Habsburg - From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors. The name is derived from the Swiss Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries at Habsburg in the former duchy of Swabia in present-day Switzerland (Switzerland did not then exist in its present form, and the Swiss lands were part of the mainly Germanic Holy Roman Empire). From Southwest-Germany the family extended its influence and holdings to the south-eastern reaches of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's ...

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Habsburg, Habsburg - A brief history of the House of Habsburg, Habsburg - From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors, Habsburg - Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian Empire, Habsburg - Main Line, Habsburg - Ancestors, Habsburg - Counts of Habsburg, Habsburg - Kings of Germany, Habsburg - Dukes of Austria, Habsburg - Albertine line: Dukes of Austria, Habsburg - Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria Carinthia Tyrol, Habsburg - Reuniting of Habsburg possessions, Habsburg - Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria, Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain Kings of Portugal 1580-1640, Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine Lothringen main line: Holy Roman Emperors Archdukes of Austria, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Emperors of Austria, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg post-monarchy, Habsburg - Burials, Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary, Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Hungary, Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Hungary, Habsburg - Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia, Habsburg - Main line: Kings of Bohemia, Habsburg - Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia, Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia, Habsburg - House of Habsburg-Lorraine main line: Kings of Bohemia, Habsburg - Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France, Habsburg - Austrian Habsburgs, Habsburg - Spanish Habsburgs, Habsburg - Habsburg-Lorraine

Read more here: » Habsburg: Encyclopedia II - Habsburg - A brief history of the House of Habsburg

Note that the early dates are traditional and of uncertain accuracy Kings of the Fairhair dynasty: Harald Fairhair Harald Hårfagre : c. 890-c. 930 Eirik Bloodaxe Eirik Blodøks : c. 930-934 Håkon the Good Håkon den Gode : 934-961 Harald Gråfell : 961-976 Haakon Jarl² Håkon Jarl : 976-995 Olaf Tryggvason¹ : 995-1000 Svein Forkbeard Svein Tjugeskjegg : 999-1015 Olaf Haraldsson, S ...

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List of Norwegian monarchs, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Norwegian Kingdom ca 890-1319, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Sweden and Norway 1319-1343, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Denmark and Norway 1380-1396, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Kalmar Union 1397-1536, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Constitutional Assembly at Eidsvoll 1814, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Union of Sweden and Norway 1814-1905, List of Norwegian monarchs - The Kingdom of Norway 1905 to present, List of Norwegian monarchs - Notes, List of Norwegian monarchs - Succession to the Norwegian Throne

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Magdeburg's most impressive building, the cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice, has a height of 104 m.: the highest church building of eastern Germany. The predecessor of the cathedral was a church built in 937 within an abbey, called St. Maurice. Emperor Otto I the Great was buried here beside his wife in 973. St. Maurice burnt to ashes in 1207. The exact location of that church remained unknown for a long time. The foundations were rediscovered in May ...

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Magdeburg, Magdeburg - History, Magdeburg - Cathedral of Magdeburg, Magdeburg - Other sights, Magdeburg - Trivia

Read more here: » Magdeburg: Encyclopedia II - Magdeburg - Cathedral of Magdeburg

List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church. The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury    (c.600-present) The Cathedral Church of Saint Philip, Birmingham    (1905-present) (parish church -1905) The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Bristol    (1542-1836 & 1897-present) (Augustinian abbe ...

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List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Abbreviations and Key, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of England & Pre-Reformation Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Greek Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Antiochian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Russian Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Cathedrals of the Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in England, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals in Wales, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Church of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Iona Community, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - The Scottish Episcopal Church, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Cathedrals of Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Greek Orthodox Cathedrals in Scotland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Former Cathedrals of Scotland no longer in ecclesiastical use, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Northern Ireland, List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar

Read more here: » List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom - England Isle of Man & Gibraltar

See also laws of war. In the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions (GC) of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977 it is stated: Art 47. Mercenaries A mercenary is any person who: (a)  is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict; (b)  does, in fact, take a direct part in the hostilities; (c)  is ...

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Mercenary, Mercenary - Mercenaries and the laws of war, Mercenary - Gurkhas and French Foreign Legionnaires, Mercenary - Mercenaries and domestic law, Mercenary - Mercenary operations, Mercenary - Private military company PMC, Mercenary - Mercenaries in Africa, Mercenary - 20th century, Mercenary - Ancient Egypt, Mercenary - Mercenaries in European history, Mercenary - Mercenaries in the classic era, Mercenary - Mercenaries in medieval warfare, Mercenary - Mercenaries in the modern age, Mercenary - Mercenaries in popular culture, Mercenary - Notes

Read more here: » Mercenary: Encyclopedia II - Mercenary - Mercenaries and the laws of war

Aragón was a Frankish feudal county (Jaca) before becoming a self-proclaimed kingdom, which was united with the kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) in 925. The kingdom of Pamplona included the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza, and the duchy of Castilla. After King Sancho´s death, the kingdom was divided between his sons. Ramiro I was initially named king of Aragon; later, after his brother Gionzalo´s death, also of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. The new kingdom grew quickly, and incorporated Navarra. This kingdom conquered the city of ...

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Aragon, Aragon - Language, Aragon - History, Aragon - List of Chancellors

Read more here: » Aragon: Encyclopedia II - Aragon - History

Bari is a very homogenous city. However due to legal and illegal migrations, there has been an increasing presence of immigrants chiefly from Albania, who also constitute the nation's largest and fastest growing minority. Italian: 98.1% Albanian: 0.4% Mauritian: 0.3% Greek: 0.2% Chinese: 0.1% Other tiny groups consist of British, Filipinos, and Ethiopians. ...

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Bari, Bari - Ancient Bari, Bari - Early Middle Age, Bari - Late Middle Age, Bari - Modern Age, Bari - Demographics

Read more here: » Bari: Encyclopedia II - Bari - Demographics

After some years' absence in England, fighting the Danes, he returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king, obtaining the support of the five petty kings of the Uplands. In 1016 he defeated Earl Sweyn, hitherto the virtual ruler of Norway, at the Battle of Neaje, and within a few years had won more power than had been enjoyed by any of his predecessors on the throne. He had annihilated the petty kings of the South, had crushed the aristocracy, enforced the acceptance of Christianity throughout the kingdom, asserted his suzerain ...

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Olaf II of Norway, Olaf II of Norway - Concerning the king's name, Olaf II of Norway - Reign, Olaf II of Norway - Sainthood, Olaf II of Norway - Christianization, Olaf II of Norway - Olav's dynasty, Olaf II of Norway - Saint Olav

Read more here: » Olaf II of Norway: Encyclopedia II - Olaf II of Norway - Reign